Participation of children in football

Participation of children in football INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to provide information about the participation level of people of Scotland in Football. This report is based on the findings in the document from sportscotland: Sports Participation in Scotland 2007, Research Digest no. 108. Interviewing is done using the questions from the Scottish Opinion Survey (SOS) run by the TNS System Three. The results of the findings are based on interviewing about 1000 adults comprising approximately 480 men and 520 women and 250 children every month. This shows that there is a consistency in the sample size with age and sex of the people interviewed. Football has been one of the most popular and frequent participating sports among others both with children and adults of both sexes. This report will focus on a three year basis survey on the trends and the participation level in football. PARTICIPATION OF CHILDREN IN FOOTBALL Football has been the most popular sports with children (8-15 years) during the survey years. According to the survey 52% children have participated in football at least once a month between 2005 and 2007. Swimming is ranked second with a participation level of 37% only. PARTICIPATION OF CHILDREN BY SEX A more detailed approach can be made to explain the popularity of the sports considering the sex of the participants. With boys aged between 8 years and 15 years football has been the most popular sport with a very high participation level of 74.5%. Cycling is second to football with a participation level of only 36%. Popularity of the sport is considerably low with girls who are aged between 8 years and 15 years. Football participation is only 27% with girls of this age group who are more attracted to swimming (42.9%), cycling (34.8%) and dancing (31.1%). FREQUENCY OF PARTICIPATION WITH CHILDREN Frequency of participation refers to the average number of days participated in four weeks. With boys and girls aged between 8 years and 15 years the frequency has been calculated excluding the data from the peak months. The frequency of participation in football at least once a month for the three year period is 3.1 making it the most popular sport among the children. Average number of days participated in a month is 3.4 by boys of the age between 8 years and 15 years while with the girls of the same age group the number is 2.3. FOR CHILDREN FOOTBALL IS NOT A SEASONAL SPORT The findings show that participation of children in football remains the same all over the year both with boys and girls. Participation level in the peak months was found to be exactly the same as they were all over the year excluding the peak months. This suggests that football does not attract children only in the peak months. It is a sport where the children keep themselves engaged throughout a year hence not making it a seasonal sport. NATURE OF PARTICIPATION AMONG CHILDREN Participation in football has been in different forms. Children play their football in streets or gardens or wastelands where they are very relaxed and in a lesser competitive mood. They also participate in 11-a-side matches and 5-a-side indoor and outdoor matches. Majority of the children (34%) participating in the sport played in streets or gardens or wastelands the survey being done in peak months. Only 17% of them participate in 11-a-side games out of which 26% are boys and 6% are girls. Table 1: Participation of children (8-15 years) in different forms of the game by sex (at least once a month) 2005-07: peak months All % Boys % Girls % In street/garden/wasteland 34 49 17 11-a-side games 17 26 6 5-a-side games (all) 17 26 6 5-a-side games (outdoor) 13 20 4 5-a-side games (indoor) 8 11 4 Notes: Percentage of participation in football for children was 52. The figures in all participants column for street/garden/wasteland, 11-a-side games and 5-a-side games (all) sum up to 68, because of multiple participations. Similarly the figures of 5-a-side indoor and outdoor rows sum up to 21 instead of 17, because of multiple participations. This illustration holds true for the other columns also. Total participation for boys was 74% and for girls was 27%. PARTICIPATION OF CHILDREN THROUGH CLUB MEMBERSHIP Participation in football in less competitive levels has resulted in low club memberships (28%). 31% of boys who play football are members of a club while only 16% of girls playing football have a club membership. This shows that boys were around twice as likely as girls to be the member of a football club. TRENDS IN PARTICIPATION OF CHILDREN OVER THE LAST 10 YEARS (1998-2007) Looking at the trends in participation in football for children (8-15 years) over the past 10 years on a 3 year basis survey it can be concluded that there has been a gradual decrease in participation level but it has been always above 50% making the sport most popular among others over the years. PARTICIPATION OF ADULTS IN FOOTBALL When it comes to adults (16+), the results are based on surveys during the peak months and in the same time frame participation level in football (10%) is only second to swimming (16%). This decline in participation is understandable as participation in sport is strongly age-related. The survey shows that participation in some type of sport is 96% with children aging between 8 years and 11 years (excluding PE). This figure goes down to 29% with the over 55 category. PARTICIPATION OF ADULTS BY SEX Considering sex of participants, football has been the most popular sport with men with a participation level of 18.9%. Results show that football loses its popularity with adult women considerably and the participation level is as low as 2.3%. These results are based on participation in peak months. FREQUENCY OF PARTICIPATION WITH ADULTS The frequency of participation of adults in football during the peak months is 1.6 and has not been among the most frequent sports with the likes of cycling (3.8), horse riding (3.2), etc. The average number of days when adult men participated in football is 1.6 while the figure is 1.5 with women. NATURE OF PARTICIPATION AMONG ADULTS Adult men and women have played their football in the different forms of the game. They have played in the streets, gardens or wastelands. They also have participated in 11-a-side and 5-a-side games. Unlike children, adult men have taken part in more competitive games than those who have played in streets, gardens or wastelands. Women have very little participation in competitive games with less than 0.5% participating in 11-a-side games and only 1% in 5-a-side games. Table 2: Participation of adults (16+) in different forms of the game by gender (at least once a month) 2005-07: peak months All % Men % Women % In street/garden/wasteland 4 5 2 11-a-side games 3 6 * 5-a-side games (all) 6 13 1 5-a-side games (outdoor) 4 9 * 5-a-side games (indoor) 4 7 * Note: Percentage of participation in football for adults was 10. The figures in all participants column for street/garden/wasteland, 11-a-side games and 5-a-side games (all) sum up to 13, because of multiple participations. Similarly the figures of 5-a-side indoor and outdoor rows sum up to 8 instead of 6, because of multiple participations. This illustration holds true for the other columns also. Total participation for men was 19% and for girls was 2%. The asterisk (*) indicates less than 0.5% participation. PARTICIPATION OF ADULTS THROUGH CLUB MEMBERSHIP Percentage of adult football participants who are the members of a club is 25. 27% of male football participants have a club membership while only 6% of female who play football are club members. This shows that men are four and a half times more likely to take a club membership as are women. TRENDS IN PARTICIPATION OVER THE LAST 13 YEARS (1994-2007) The trends in participation in football for adults over the past 13 years on a three year basis survey show a good consistency with the participation level ranging between 9% and 11%. CONCLUSION Club membership has been low in football for both children between 8 years and 15 years and adults over 16 years. Only a quarter (25%) of the adult participants in football is club members while with children the figure is just above the quarter mark (28%). This is mainly due to the nature of the participation. Around two-thirds (49% of the 74%) of the number of boys aged between 8 years and 15 years have played their football in streets or gardens or wastelands throughout the year. A major portion of the girls participating in football (17% of the 27%) have played in the same form of the game. This might also be considered as a reason for the gradual decrease in the trend of participation in football among children. Children might be encouraged to become members of different clubs by organizing free coaching sessions once or twice a week round the year for club members. Other attractions may include more competitive football matches between clubs in different forms of the game to en sure maximum participation. This might also encourage them to continue with participation at an older age.

contract law :: essays research papers

In the case of Fletcher vs. Peck, the Yazoo land grants were on trial. One Georgia legislature had sold millions of acres to four separate companies at a price of two cents per acre. (Garraty 174). When the next legislature came into power, it was learned that many of those legislators that sold the land had been corrupt. The companies had sold land to many small farmers who had no idea that the land should not have been sold in the first place. When the grant was taken away by the Georgian legislature, the farmers looked to the Supreme Court. (Corwin 151). The Court could have easily decided not to hear the case. The whole land grant process had been corrupt, so the Georgian legislature had the right to take them away, but Marshall believed there was something more to this case. He decided that he would hear the case. Marshall declared the rescinding act void because it violated peoples rights, and went against the separation of powers. For Marshall, this explanation was simply not enough, so he turned to the Constitution to find something in writing to support his decision. He found his support in the contract clause. The problem Marshall had was that the contract clause was there to protect persons waiting for a contract to be carried out, a land grant is over and done with once the land is handed over. (Corwin 153). By using a very loose interpretation, Marshall stated that when something is granted, the granter is not expected to try and take back what he has been granted. In reality, the Constitution did not say this at all, but morally it made perfect sense. Marshall believed that there was a moral contract involved and that both parties should assume that the grant is permanent. By using a very broad interpretation of the Constitution Marshall made this moral contract a legal one. Marshall used his broad interpretation of the Constitution to strengthen the judicial branch.

Wheel of life

I feel that at this point in my life, I'm as ready as I can be. Having not gone to school for so many years have made me realize what potential I have lost. With all the advancements that is occur in today's world with the availability of the internet and big corporations that is running most of the world's operation. With such big company, there comes much vulnerability in the security system.Looking back at September 11th, I realized that with all the security measures that was taken to prevent such incident failed and the unthinkable happened. Since then, technology and it's security system have gotten stricter and more complicated, something that I feel that I'm very behind on how it all work and that only going back to school to learn about the technological advancements and how it works would help me better my chances as time goes on.The class would challenge me In my thinking skills and my habits. It would develop me for form new habits and thinking skills to much my time with school and work more efficient, making me think In ways that I have not in a long while. Thus challenging me to become more develop as a person in today's technical oral, with the understanding on how it works. By being successful and realizing what is needed to be accomplish In order to succeed In today's world, one must be able to maintain a standard.By examining my experience and how the world have since makes me understand that without a adequate education, It become much harder to succeed In today's world. Not only for the reason that It will bring forth a certificate but it ready you for critical thinking and will develop you mentally as a person for later on life, helping you go on the road and building a strategy to become successful.

A Strategy For Reducing Air Pollution - 911 Words

SUBJECT A strategy for reducing Air Pollution in Beijing by 2022. PURPOSE The purpose of the paper is to recommend options to reduce air pollution in Beijing. BACKGROUND China’s fastest growing economy is often referred in coupled with the clogging pollution of its cities. The air pollution in Beijing remains among the worst in the world and thus has drawn alarming environmental attention. It’s devastating effects on mankind and environment is a serious challenge China has been facing over the last decades. The rapid growth in urban population, high coal-fired energy use and increasing vehicle numbers in Beijing has been contributing to the grey smog and frequent occurrences of Haze in Beijing (Zhang et al., 2013). Small particulate matter (PM) is the prominent air pollutant responsible for the grey sky in Beijing while other forme such as sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide emissions has also been reported concurrent increase over the time (Gang, 2009). Beijing PM2.5 figure is reported repeatedly showing more than 100  µg/m3 average mass concentrations. This figure exceeds twice the safety standard limit imposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (Wang et al., 2005). The direct impact of this atmospheric pollution can be visible on the health of the people. Beijing Hospital revealed that by April 2014, more than 50% of the patients treated were identified with breathing related illnesses. The National medical centre of China is advisingShow MoreRelatedAir Pollution1597 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Air Pollution Introduction The other planets have sunlight; however, the earth is the only planet known to have air and water, without which it cannot sustain life. However, the quality of the air in our atmosphere is deteriorating rapidly due to the incorporation of harmful amounts of gases, dust and fumes. The substances that constitute the air pollution are the pollutants. 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